James (brother of Jesus)
야고보 (예수의 형제)
Named in Matthew 13:55 as a brother of Jesus, kept apart from the other entries of that name. Galatians 1:18–19 give the words of the writer (“I”): “Then after three years I went up to Jerusalem to visit Peter, and stayed with him fifteen days. But of the other apostles I saw no one except James, the Lord’s brother.” 2:9 says that James and Cephas and John, “those who were reputed to be pillars”, gave to Barnabas and the writer the right hand of fellowship, and 2:12 speaks of “some people” who “came from James”.
Direct relationships 4
Open in the full graphCollected relationship evidence
Source-backed narrative relations; not independent historical verification. Legacy dates and coordinates are outside this review.
Collection & rightsSource evidence (5)
AI-assisted comparison with the cited narrative; not independent historical verification.
- GAL 1:18–24, engwebp
18Then after three years I went up to Jerusalem to visit Peter, and stayed with him fifteen days.
19But of the other apostles I saw no one except James, the Lord’s brother.
20Now about the things which I write to you, behold, before God, I’m not lying.
21Then I came to the regions of Syria and Cilicia.
22I was still unknown by face to the assemblies of Judea which were in Christ,
23but they only heard, “He who once persecuted us now preaches the faith that he once tried to destroy.”
24So they glorified God in me.
- GAL 2:1–10, engwebp
1Then after a period of fourteen years I went up again to Jerusalem with Barnabas, taking Titus also with me.
2I went up by revelation, and I laid before them the Good News which I preach among the Gentiles, but privately before those who were respected, for fear that I might be running, or had run, in vain.
3But not even Titus, who was with me, being a Greek, was compelled to be circumcised.
4This was because of the false brothers secretly brought in, who stole in to spy out our liberty which we have in Christ Jesus, that they might bring us into bondage,
5to whom we gave no place in the way of subjection, not for an hour, that the truth of the Good News might continue with you.
6But from those who were reputed to be important—whatever they were, it makes no difference to me; God doesn’t show partiality to man—they, I say, who were respected imparted nothing to me,
7but to the contrary, when they saw that I had been entrusted with the Good News for the uncircumcised, even as Peter with the Good News for the circumcised—
8for he who worked through Peter in the apostleship with the circumcised also worked through me with the Gentiles—
9and when they perceived the grace that was given to me, James and Cephas and John, those who were reputed to be pillars, gave to Barnabas and me the right hand of fellowship, that we should go to the Gentiles, and they to the circumcision.
10They only asked us to remember the poor—which very thing I was also zealous to do.
- GAL 2:11–14, engwebp
11But when Peter came to Antioch, I resisted him to his face, because he stood condemned.
12For before some people came from James, he ate with the Gentiles. But when they came, he drew back and separated himself, fearing those who were of the circumcision.
13And the rest of the Jews joined him in his hypocrisy, so that even Barnabas was carried away with their hypocrisy.
14But when I saw that they didn’t walk uprightly according to the truth of the Good News, I said to Peter before them all, “If you, being a Jew, live as the Gentiles do, and not as the Jews do, why do you compel the Gentiles to live as the Jews do?
- MAT 13:53–58, engwebp
53When Jesus had finished these parables, he departed from there.
54Coming into his own country, he taught them in their synagogue, so that they were astonished and said, “Where did this man get this wisdom and these mighty works?
55Isn’t this the carpenter’s son? Isn’t his mother called Mary, and his brothers James, Joses, Simon, and Judas?
56Aren’t all of his sisters with us? Where then did this man get all of these things?”
57They were offended by him. But Jesus said to them, “A prophet is not without honor, except in his own country and in his own house.”
58He didn’t do many mighty works there because of their unbelief.
- MRK 6:1–6, engwebp
1He went out from there. He came into his own country, and his disciples followed him.
2When the Sabbath had come, he began to teach in the synagogue, and many hearing him were astonished, saying, “Where did this man get these things?” and, “What is the wisdom that is given to this man, that such mighty works come about by his hands?
3Isn’t this the carpenter, the son of Mary and brother of James, Joses, Judah, and Simon? Aren’t his sisters here with us?” So they were offended at him.
4Jesus said to them, “A prophet is not without honor, except in his own country, and among his own relatives, and in his own house.”
5He could do no mighty work there, except that he laid his hands on a few sick people and healed them.
6He marveled because of their unbelief. He went around the villages teaching.
AI-assisted, human review pending, 2026-09-26
Machine comparison on 2026-10-07: the wording raised none of the 3 rules against the passages this entry cites. No person has read it.
Unresolved interpretation: The James of Acts 12:17
- Acts 12:17 has Peter, out of the prison, say, “Tell these things to James and to the brothers,” and does not say whose son or brother this James is. Acts 15:13–21 also has James answer, “Brothers, listen to me,” and does not say who he is. Acts 21:18 also says that Paul went in to James, and all the elders were present, and does not say who he is.
Source evidence (3)
AI-assisted comparison with the cited narrative; not independent historical verification.
- ACT 12:12–17, engwebp
12Thinking about that, he came to the house of Mary, the mother of John who was called Mark, where many were gathered together and were praying.
13When Peter knocked at the door of the gate, a servant girl named Rhoda came to answer.
14When she recognized Peter’s voice, she didn’t open the gate for joy, but ran in and reported that Peter was standing in front of the gate.
15They said to her, “You are crazy!” But she insisted that it was so. They said, “It is his angel.”
16But Peter continued knocking. When they had opened, they saw him and were amazed.
17But he, beckoning to them with his hand to be silent, declared to them how the Lord had brought him out of the prison. He said, “Tell these things to James and to the brothers.” Then he departed and went to another place.
- ACT 15:12–21, engwebp
12All the multitude kept silence, and they listened to Barnabas and Paul reporting what signs and wonders God had done among the nations through them.
13After they were silent, James answered, “Brothers, listen to me.
14Simeon has reported how God first visited the nations to take out of them a people for his name.
15This agrees with the words of the prophets. As it is written,
16‘After these things I will return. I will again build the tabernacle of David, which has fallen. I will again build its ruins. I will set it up
17that the rest of men may seek after the Lord: all the Gentiles who are called by my name, says the Lord, who does all these things.’
18“All of God’s works are known to him from eternity.
19Therefore my judgment is that we don’t trouble those from among the Gentiles who turn to God,
20but that we write to them that they abstain from the pollution of idols, from sexual immorality, from what is strangled, and from blood.
21For Moses from generations of old has in every city those who preach him, being read in the synagogues every Sabbath.”
- ACT 21:17–26, engwebp
17When we had come to Jerusalem, the brothers received us gladly.
18The day following, Paul went in with us to James; and all the elders were present.
19When he had greeted them, he reported one by one the things which God had worked among the Gentiles through his ministry.
20They, when they heard it, glorified God. They said to him, “You see, brother, how many thousands there are among the Jews of those who have believed, and they are all zealous for the law.
21They have been informed about you, that you teach all the Jews who are among the Gentiles to forsake Moses, telling them not to circumcise their children and not to walk after the customs.
22What then? The assembly must certainly meet, for they will hear that you have come.
23Therefore do what we tell you. We have four men who have taken a vow.
24Take them and purify yourself with them, and pay their expenses for them, that they may shave their heads. Then all will know that there is no truth in the things that they have been informed about you, but that you yourself also walk keeping the law.
25But concerning the Gentiles who believe, we have written our decision that they should observe no such thing, except that they should keep themselves from food offered to idols, from blood, from strangled things, and from sexual immorality.”
26Then Paul took the men, and the next day purified himself and went with them into the temple, declaring the fulfillment of the days of purification, until the offering was offered for every one of them.
- ACT 12:12–17, engwebp
- Acts 12:1–2, which comes before 12:17, says that King Herod killed James, the brother of John, with the sword.
Source evidence (1)
AI-assisted comparison with the cited narrative; not independent historical verification.
- ACT 12:1–5, engwebp
1Now about that time, King Herod stretched out his hands to oppress some of the assembly.
2He killed James, the brother of John, with the sword.
3When he saw that it pleased the Jews, he proceeded to seize Peter also. This was during the days of unleavened bread.
4When he had arrested him, he put him in prison and delivered him to four squads of four soldiers each to guard him, intending to bring him out to the people after the Passover.
5Peter therefore was kept in the prison, but constant prayer was made by the assembly to God for him.
- ACT 12:1–5, engwebp
- Matthew 10:3, Mark 3:18 and Luke 6:15 name James the son of Alphaeus among the twelve, and Acts 1:13 names him among those in the upper room.
Source evidence (4)
AI-assisted comparison with the cited narrative; not independent historical verification.
- ACT 1:12–14, engwebp
12Then they returned to Jerusalem from the mountain called Olivet, which is near Jerusalem, a Sabbath day’s journey away.
13When they had come in, they went up into the upper room where they were staying, that is Peter, John, James, Andrew, Philip, Thomas, Bartholomew, Matthew, James the son of Alphaeus, Simon the Zealot, and Judas the son of James.
14All these with one accord continued steadfastly in prayer and supplication, along with the women and Mary the mother of Jesus, and with his brothers.
- LUK 6:12–16, engwebp
12In these days, he went out to the mountain to pray, and he continued all night in prayer to God.
13When it was day, he called his disciples, and from them he chose twelve, whom he also named apostles:
14Simon, whom he also named Peter; Andrew, his brother; James; John; Philip; Bartholomew;
15Matthew; Thomas; James the son of Alphaeus; Simon who was called the Zealot;
16Judas the son of James; and Judas Iscariot, who also became a traitor.
- MAT 10:1–4, engwebp
1He called to himself his twelve disciples, and gave them authority over unclean spirits, to cast them out, and to heal every disease and every sickness.
2Now the names of the twelve apostles are these. The first, Simon, who is called Peter; Andrew, his brother; James the son of Zebedee; John, his brother;
3Philip; Bartholomew; Thomas; Matthew the tax collector; James the son of Alphaeus; Lebbaeus, who was also called Thaddaeus;
4Simon the Zealot; and Judas Iscariot, who also betrayed him.
- MRK 3:13–19, engwebp
13He went up into the mountain and called to himself those whom he wanted, and they went to him.
14He appointed twelve, that they might be with him, and that he might send them out to preach
15and to have authority to heal sicknesses and to cast out demons:
16Simon (to whom he gave the name Peter);
17James the son of Zebedee; and John, the brother of James, (whom he called Boanerges, which means, Sons of Thunder);
18Andrew; Philip; Bartholomew; Matthew; Thomas; James, the son of Alphaeus; Thaddaeus; Simon the Zealot;
19and Judas Iscariot, who also betrayed him. Then he came into a house.
- ACT 1:12–14, engwebp
- Matthew 13:55 and Mark 6:3 name James among those whom the people of Jesus’ own country call his brothers.
Source evidence (2)
AI-assisted comparison with the cited narrative; not independent historical verification.
- MAT 13:53–58, engwebp
53When Jesus had finished these parables, he departed from there.
54Coming into his own country, he taught them in their synagogue, so that they were astonished and said, “Where did this man get this wisdom and these mighty works?
55Isn’t this the carpenter’s son? Isn’t his mother called Mary, and his brothers James, Joses, Simon, and Judas?
56Aren’t all of his sisters with us? Where then did this man get all of these things?”
57They were offended by him. But Jesus said to them, “A prophet is not without honor, except in his own country and in his own house.”
58He didn’t do many mighty works there because of their unbelief.
- MRK 6:1–6, engwebp
1He went out from there. He came into his own country, and his disciples followed him.
2When the Sabbath had come, he began to teach in the synagogue, and many hearing him were astonished, saying, “Where did this man get these things?” and, “What is the wisdom that is given to this man, that such mighty works come about by his hands?
3Isn’t this the carpenter, the son of Mary and brother of James, Joses, Judah, and Simon? Aren’t his sisters here with us?” So they were offended at him.
4Jesus said to them, “A prophet is not without honor, except in his own country, and among his own relatives, and in his own house.”
5He could do no mighty work there, except that he laid his hands on a few sick people and healed them.
6He marveled because of their unbelief. He went around the villages teaching.
- MAT 13:53–58, engwebp
- Galatians 1:18–19 give the words of the writer (“I”): “Then after three years I went up to Jerusalem to visit Peter, and stayed with him fifteen days. But of the other apostles I saw no one except James, the Lord’s brother.” 2:9 names “James and Cephas and John, those who were reputed to be pillars”, and 2:12 “some people” who “came from James”.
Source evidence (3)
AI-assisted comparison with the cited narrative; not independent historical verification.
- GAL 1:18–24, engwebp
18Then after three years I went up to Jerusalem to visit Peter, and stayed with him fifteen days.
19But of the other apostles I saw no one except James, the Lord’s brother.
20Now about the things which I write to you, behold, before God, I’m not lying.
21Then I came to the regions of Syria and Cilicia.
22I was still unknown by face to the assemblies of Judea which were in Christ,
23but they only heard, “He who once persecuted us now preaches the faith that he once tried to destroy.”
24So they glorified God in me.
- GAL 2:1–10, engwebp
1Then after a period of fourteen years I went up again to Jerusalem with Barnabas, taking Titus also with me.
2I went up by revelation, and I laid before them the Good News which I preach among the Gentiles, but privately before those who were respected, for fear that I might be running, or had run, in vain.
3But not even Titus, who was with me, being a Greek, was compelled to be circumcised.
4This was because of the false brothers secretly brought in, who stole in to spy out our liberty which we have in Christ Jesus, that they might bring us into bondage,
5to whom we gave no place in the way of subjection, not for an hour, that the truth of the Good News might continue with you.
6But from those who were reputed to be important—whatever they were, it makes no difference to me; God doesn’t show partiality to man—they, I say, who were respected imparted nothing to me,
7but to the contrary, when they saw that I had been entrusted with the Good News for the uncircumcised, even as Peter with the Good News for the circumcised—
8for he who worked through Peter in the apostleship with the circumcised also worked through me with the Gentiles—
9and when they perceived the grace that was given to me, James and Cephas and John, those who were reputed to be pillars, gave to Barnabas and me the right hand of fellowship, that we should go to the Gentiles, and they to the circumcision.
10They only asked us to remember the poor—which very thing I was also zealous to do.
- GAL 2:11–14, engwebp
11But when Peter came to Antioch, I resisted him to his face, because he stood condemned.
12For before some people came from James, he ate with the Gentiles. But when they came, he drew back and separated himself, fearing those who were of the circumcision.
13And the rest of the Jews joined him in his hypocrisy, so that even Barnabas was carried away with their hypocrisy.
14But when I saw that they didn’t walk uprightly according to the truth of the Good News, I said to Peter before them all, “If you, being a Jew, live as the Gentiles do, and not as the Jews do, why do you compel the Gentiles to live as the Jews do?
- GAL 1:18–24, engwebp
Acts 12:17 does not say who this James is. Because Acts 12:1–2, which comes before 12:17, says that James, the brother of John, was killed with the sword, this collection does not join the James of 12:17 to him and records him as an entry of his own, and does not decide whether he is the same person as James the son of Alphaeus or the James who is called a brother of Jesus. This collection records the James of Galatians 1:19, 2:9 and 2:12 under James (brother of Jesus) and does not decide whether he is the James of Acts 12:17, 15:13 and 21:18.
Unresolved interpretation: The James of 1 Corinthians 15:7
- 1 Corinthians 15:7 says, “Then he appeared to James, then to all the apostles,” and gives this James no father, title or relation.
Source evidence (1)
AI-assisted comparison with the cited narrative; not independent historical verification.
- 1CO 15:1–11, engwebp
1Now I declare to you, brothers, the Good News which I preached to you, which also you received, in which you also stand,
2by which also you are saved, if you hold firmly the word which I preached to you—unless you believed in vain.
3For I delivered to you first of all that which I also received: that Christ died for our sins according to the Scriptures,
4that he was buried, that he was raised on the third day according to the Scriptures,
5and that he appeared to Cephas, then to the twelve.
6Then he appeared to over five hundred brothers at once, most of whom remain until now, but some have also fallen asleep.
7Then he appeared to James, then to all the apostles,
8and last of all, as to the child born at the wrong time, he appeared to me also.
9For I am the least of the apostles, who is not worthy to be called an apostle, because I persecuted the assembly of God.
10But by the grace of God I am what I am. His grace which was given to me was not futile, but I worked more than all of them; yet not I, but the grace of God which was with me.
11Whether then it is I or they, so we preach, and so you believed.
- 1CO 15:1–11, engwebp
- Matthew 13:55 names James among those whom the people of Jesus’ own country call his brothers.
Source evidence (1)
AI-assisted comparison with the cited narrative; not independent historical verification.
- MAT 13:53–58, engwebp
53When Jesus had finished these parables, he departed from there.
54Coming into his own country, he taught them in their synagogue, so that they were astonished and said, “Where did this man get this wisdom and these mighty works?
55Isn’t this the carpenter’s son? Isn’t his mother called Mary, and his brothers James, Joses, Simon, and Judas?
56Aren’t all of his sisters with us? Where then did this man get all of these things?”
57They were offended by him. But Jesus said to them, “A prophet is not without honor, except in his own country and in his own house.”
58He didn’t do many mighty works there because of their unbelief.
- MAT 13:53–58, engwebp
- Acts 15:13 says, “After they were silent, James answered, ‘Brothers, listen to me.’”
Source evidence (1)
AI-assisted comparison with the cited narrative; not independent historical verification.
- ACT 15:12–21, engwebp
12All the multitude kept silence, and they listened to Barnabas and Paul reporting what signs and wonders God had done among the nations through them.
13After they were silent, James answered, “Brothers, listen to me.
14Simeon has reported how God first visited the nations to take out of them a people for his name.
15This agrees with the words of the prophets. As it is written,
16‘After these things I will return. I will again build the tabernacle of David, which has fallen. I will again build its ruins. I will set it up
17that the rest of men may seek after the Lord: all the Gentiles who are called by my name, says the Lord, who does all these things.’
18“All of God’s works are known to him from eternity.
19Therefore my judgment is that we don’t trouble those from among the Gentiles who turn to God,
20but that we write to them that they abstain from the pollution of idols, from sexual immorality, from what is strangled, and from blood.
21For Moses from generations of old has in every city those who preach him, being read in the synagogues every Sabbath.”
- ACT 15:12–21, engwebp
1 Corinthians 15:7 says, “Then he appeared to James,” and gives this James no father, title or relation. Matthew 13:55 names James among those whom the people of Jesus’ own country call his brothers, and Acts 15:13 says that James answered, “Brothers, listen to me.” The text does not say whether the James of 1 Corinthians 15:7 is the same person as the James of Matthew 13:55 or of Acts 15:13. This collection gives 1 Corinthians 15:1–11 to no James, and does not decide this.
Unresolved interpretation: James of James 1:1
- James 1:1 says, “James, a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ, to the twelve tribes which are in the Dispersion: Greetings.”
Source evidence (1)
AI-assisted comparison with the cited narrative; not independent historical verification.
- JAS 1:1, engwebp
1James, a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ, to the twelve tribes which are in the Dispersion: Greetings.
- JAS 1:1, engwebp
- Galatians 1:19 says, “But of the other apostles I saw no one except James, the Lord’s brother.”
Source evidence (1)
AI-assisted comparison with the cited narrative; not independent historical verification.
- GAL 1:18–24, engwebp
18Then after three years I went up to Jerusalem to visit Peter, and stayed with him fifteen days.
19But of the other apostles I saw no one except James, the Lord’s brother.
20Now about the things which I write to you, behold, before God, I’m not lying.
21Then I came to the regions of Syria and Cilicia.
22I was still unknown by face to the assemblies of Judea which were in Christ,
23but they only heard, “He who once persecuted us now preaches the faith that he once tried to destroy.”
24So they glorified God in me.
- GAL 1:18–24, engwebp
- Acts 15:13 says, “After they were silent, James answered, ‘Brothers, listen to me.’”
Source evidence (1)
AI-assisted comparison with the cited narrative; not independent historical verification.
- ACT 15:12–21, engwebp
12All the multitude kept silence, and they listened to Barnabas and Paul reporting what signs and wonders God had done among the nations through them.
13After they were silent, James answered, “Brothers, listen to me.
14Simeon has reported how God first visited the nations to take out of them a people for his name.
15This agrees with the words of the prophets. As it is written,
16‘After these things I will return. I will again build the tabernacle of David, which has fallen. I will again build its ruins. I will set it up
17that the rest of men may seek after the Lord: all the Gentiles who are called by my name, says the Lord, who does all these things.’
18“All of God’s works are known to him from eternity.
19Therefore my judgment is that we don’t trouble those from among the Gentiles who turn to God,
20but that we write to them that they abstain from the pollution of idols, from sexual immorality, from what is strangled, and from blood.
21For Moses from generations of old has in every city those who preach him, being read in the synagogues every Sabbath.”
- ACT 15:12–21, engwebp
James 1:1 names the one who sends the greeting “James, a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ”, and gives him no father, no brother and no place. Galatians 1:19 names James, the Lord’s brother, and Acts 15:13 a James who answers and speaks. The text does not say whether the James of James 1:1 is the James of Galatians 1:19 or the James of Acts 15:13. This collection keeps the James of James 1:1 as a new entry of his own, and decides nothing.
Unresolved interpretation: Jude of Jude 1:1
- Jude 1:1 says, “Jude, a servant of Jesus Christ, and brother of James”.
Source evidence (1)
AI-assisted comparison with the cited narrative; not independent historical verification.
- JUD 1:1–2, engwebp
1Jude, a servant of Jesus Christ, and brother of James, to those who are called, sanctified by God the Father, and kept for Jesus Christ:
2May mercy, peace, and love be multiplied to you.
- JUD 1:1–2, engwebp
- Matthew 13:54–55 say that when Jesus came into his own country and taught them in their synagogue, they were astonished and said, “Isn’t this the carpenter’s son? Isn’t his mother called Mary, and his brothers James, Joses, Simon, and Judas?”
Source evidence (1)
AI-assisted comparison with the cited narrative; not independent historical verification.
- MAT 13:53–58, engwebp
53When Jesus had finished these parables, he departed from there.
54Coming into his own country, he taught them in their synagogue, so that they were astonished and said, “Where did this man get this wisdom and these mighty works?
55Isn’t this the carpenter’s son? Isn’t his mother called Mary, and his brothers James, Joses, Simon, and Judas?
56Aren’t all of his sisters with us? Where then did this man get all of these things?”
57They were offended by him. But Jesus said to them, “A prophet is not without honor, except in his own country and in his own house.”
58He didn’t do many mighty works there because of their unbelief.
- MAT 13:53–58, engwebp
Jude 1:1 names the one who writes “Jude, a servant of Jesus Christ, and brother of James”, and does not say which James. Matthew 13:55 names James and Judas among the brothers of Jesus. WEB writes Jude at Jude 1:1 and Judas at Matthew 13:55; the Korean Revised Version writes 유다 in both. The text does not say whether the two are one man. This collection keeps a new entry, and decides nothing.
All 4 relationships: AI-assisted, human review pending
-
Mary (mother of Jesus) — Mother of — James (brother of Jesus)
Evidence: Matthew 13:53–58
-
Jesus — Brother of — James (brother of Jesus)
Evidence: Galatians 1:18–24, Matthew 13:53–58, Mark 6:1–6
-
Took part in (2) — The writer went up to Jerusalem to visit Peter, The writer went up again to Jerusalem and was given the right hand of fellowship
A relationship with an event rests on the passages the event cites: each event’s page has them.
Verses tagged with this entry
Names in the World English Bible text that carry this entry’s tag. They are carried over from the tags on the Korean Revised Version, which are matched by name inside chapters that already have collected evidence, and a verse where the English says “he” carries none. All await human review. They are a separate list from the source passages above. An empty list does not mean the entry is absent from the text.
Isn’t this the carpenter’s son? Isn’t his mother called Mary, and his brothers James, Joses, Simon, and Judas?
Isn’t this the carpenter, the son of Mary and brother of James, Joses, Judah, and Simon? Aren’t his sisters here with us?” So they were offended at him.
But of the other apostles I saw no one except James, the Lord’s brother.
and when they perceived the grace that was given to me, James and Cephas and John, those who were reputed to be pillars, gave to Barnabas and me the right hand of fellowship, that we should go to the Gentiles, and they to the circumcision.
For before some people came from James, he ate with the Gentiles. But when they came, he drew back and separated himself, fearing those who were of the circumcision.
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[Bibliadatum entry report] Entry: James (brother of Jesus) (person-james-brother-jesus) Address: https://bibliadatum.org/en/wiki/person/james-brother-jesus Current wording: Named in Matthew 13:55 as a brother of Jesus, kept apart from the other entries of that name. Galatians 1:18–19 give the words of the writer (“I”): “Then after three years I went up to Jerusalem to visit Peter, and stayed with him fifteen days. But of the other apostles I saw no one except James, the Lord’s brother.” 2:9 says that James and Cephas and John, “those who were reputed to be pillars”, gave to Barnabas and the writer the right hand of fellowship, and 2:12 speaks of “some people” who “came from James”. Cited evidence: GAL 1:18–24, engwebp / GAL 2:1–10, engwebp / GAL 2:11–14, engwebp / MAT 13:53–58, engwebp / MRK 6:1–6, engwebp Review state: ai-assisted / human-review-pending What looks wrong: (not written yet) --- This collection records what the text says and does not settle interpretation. A report about a reading that divides opinion may be registered as an unresolved issue rather than corrected.