Pharaoh (Exodus confrontation narrative)
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Role-based record of the Egyptian king confronted by Moses and Aaron from Exodus 5. Personal name, dynasty and identity with the king at Moses’ birth are not asserted.
Direct relationships 23
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Source-backed narrative relations; not independent historical verification. Legacy dates and coordinates are outside this review.
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AI-assisted comparison with the cited narrative; not independent historical verification.
- 1SA 6:1–9, engwebp
1The LORD’s ark was in the country of the Philistines seven months.
2The Philistines called for the priests and the diviners, saying, “What shall we do with the LORD’s ark? Show us how we should send it to its place.”
3They said, “If you send away the ark of the God of Israel, don’t send it empty; but by all means return a trespass offering to him. Then you will be healed, and it will be known to you why his hand is not removed from you.”
4Then they said, “What should the trespass offering be which we shall return to him?” They said, “Five golden tumors and five golden mice, for the number of the lords of the Philistines; for one plague was on you all, and on your lords.
5Therefore you shall make images of your tumors and images of your mice that mar the land; and you shall give glory to the God of Israel. Perhaps he will release his hand from you, from your gods, and from your land.
6Why then do you harden your hearts as the Egyptians and Pharaoh hardened their hearts? When he had worked wonderfully among them, didn’t they let the people go, and they departed?
7“Now therefore take and prepare yourselves a new cart and two milk cows on which there has come no yoke; and tie the cows to the cart, and bring their calves home from them;
8and take the LORD’s ark and lay it on the cart. Put the jewels of gold, which you return him for a trespass offering, in a box by its side; and send it away, that it may go.
9Behold, if it goes up by the way of its own border to Beth Shemesh, then he has done us this great evil; but if not, then we shall know that it is not his hand that struck us. It was a chance that happened to us.”
- 2KI 17:7–12, engwebp
7It was so because the children of Israel had sinned against the LORD their God, who brought them up out of the land of Egypt from under the hand of Pharaoh king of Egypt, and had feared other gods,
8and walked in the statutes of the nations whom the LORD cast out from before the children of Israel, and of the kings of Israel, which they made.
9The children of Israel secretly did things that were not right against the LORD their God; and they built high places for themselves in all their cities, from the tower of the watchmen to the fortified city;
10and they set up for themselves pillars and Asherah poles on every high hill and under every green tree;
11and there they burned incense in all the high places, as the nations whom the LORD carried away before them did; and they did wicked things to provoke the LORD to anger;
12and they served idols, of which the LORD had said to them, “You shall not do this thing.”
- DEU 6:20–25, engwebp
20When your son asks you in time to come, saying, “What do the testimonies, the statutes, and the ordinances, which the LORD our God has commanded you mean?”
21then you shall tell your son, “We were Pharaoh’s slaves in Egypt. The LORD brought us out of Egypt with a mighty hand;
22and the LORD showed great and awesome signs and wonders on Egypt, on Pharaoh, and on all his house, before our eyes;
23and he brought us out from there, that he might bring us in, to give us the land which he swore to our fathers.
24The LORD commanded us to do all these statutes, to fear the LORD our God, for our good always, that he might preserve us alive, as we are today.
25It shall be righteousness to us, if we observe to do all these commandments before the LORD our God, as he has commanded us.”
- DEU 7:6–11, engwebp
6For you are a holy people to the LORD your God. The LORD your God has chosen you to be a people for his own possession, above all peoples who are on the face of the earth.
7The LORD didn’t set his love on you nor choose you, because you were more in number than any people; for you were the fewest of all peoples;
8but because the LORD loves you, and because he desires to keep the oath which he swore to your fathers, the LORD has brought you out with a mighty hand and redeemed you out of the house of bondage, from the hand of Pharaoh king of Egypt.
9Know therefore that the LORD your God himself is God, the faithful God, who keeps covenant and loving kindness to a thousand generations with those who love him and keep his commandments,
10and repays those who hate him to their face, to destroy them. He will not be slack to him who hates him. He will repay him to his face.
11You shall therefore keep the commandments, the statutes, and the ordinances which I command you today, to do them.
- DEU 7:17–26, engwebp
17If you shall say in your heart, “These nations are more than I; how can I dispossess them?”
18you shall not be afraid of them. You shall remember well what the LORD your God did to Pharaoh and to all Egypt:
19the great trials which your eyes saw, the signs, the wonders, the mighty hand, and the outstretched arm, by which the LORD your God brought you out. So shall the LORD your God do to all the peoples of whom you are afraid.
20Moreover the LORD your God will send the hornet among them, until those who are left, and hide themselves, perish from before you.
21You shall not be scared of them; for the LORD your God is among you, a great and awesome God.
22The LORD your God will cast out those nations before you little by little. You may not consume them at once, lest the animals of the field increase on you.
23But the LORD your God will deliver them up before you, and will confuse them with a great confusion, until they are destroyed.
24He will deliver their kings into your hand, and you shall make their name perish from under the sky. No one will be able to stand before you until you have destroyed them.
25You shall burn the engraved images of their gods with fire. You shall not covet the silver or the gold that is on them, nor take it for yourself, lest you be snared in it; for it is an abomination to the LORD your God.
26You shall not bring an abomination into your house and become a devoted thing like it. You shall utterly detest it. You shall utterly abhor it; for it is a devoted thing.
- DEU 11:1–7, engwebp
1Therefore you shall love the LORD your God, and keep his instructions, his statutes, his ordinances, and his commandments, always.
2Know this day—for I don’t speak with your children who have not known, and who have not seen the chastisement of the LORD your God, his greatness, his mighty hand, his outstretched arm,
3his signs, and his works, which he did in the middle of Egypt to Pharaoh the king of Egypt, and to all his land;
4and what he did to the army of Egypt, to their horses, and to their chariots; how he made the water of the Red Sea to overflow them as they pursued you, and how the LORD has destroyed them to this day;
5and what he did to you in the wilderness until you came to this place;
6and what he did to Dathan and Abiram, the sons of Eliab, the son of Reuben—how the earth opened its mouth and swallowed them up, with their households, their tents, and every living thing that followed them, in the middle of all Israel;
7but your eyes have seen all of the LORD’s great work which he did.
- DEU 29:2–9, engwebp
2Moses called to all Israel, and said to them: Your eyes have seen all that the LORD did in the land of Egypt to Pharaoh, and to all his servants, and to all his land;
3the great trials which your eyes saw, the signs, and those great wonders.
4But the LORD has not given you a heart to know, eyes to see, and ears to hear, to this day.
5I have led you forty years in the wilderness. Your clothes have not grown old on you, and your sandals have not grown old on your feet.
6You have not eaten bread, neither have you drunk wine or strong drink, that you may know that I am the LORD your God.
7When you came to this place, Sihon the king of Heshbon and Og the king of Bashan came out against us to battle, and we struck them.
8We took their land, and gave it for an inheritance to the Reubenites, and to the Gadites, and to the half-tribe of the Manassites.
9Therefore keep the words of this covenant and do them, that you may prosper in all that you do.
- DEU 34:10–12, engwebp
10Since then, there has not arisen a prophet in Israel like Moses, whom the LORD knew face to face,
11in all the signs and the wonders which the LORD sent him to do in the land of Egypt, to Pharaoh, and to all his servants, and to all his land,
12and in all the mighty hand, and in all the awesome deeds, which Moses did in the sight of all Israel.
- EXO 4:21–23, engwebp
21The LORD said to Moses, “When you go back into Egypt, see that you do before Pharaoh all the wonders which I have put in your hand, but I will harden his heart and he will not let the people go.
22You shall tell Pharaoh, ‘The LORD says, Israel is my son, my firstborn,
23and I have said to you, “Let my son go, that he may serve me;” and you have refused to let him go. Behold, I will kill your firstborn son.’”
- EXO 5:1–9, engwebp
1Afterward Moses and Aaron came, and said to Pharaoh, “This is what the LORD, the God of Israel, says, ‘Let my people go, that they may hold a feast to me in the wilderness.’”
2Pharaoh said, “Who is the LORD, that I should listen to his voice to let Israel go? I don’t know the LORD, and moreover I will not let Israel go.”
3They said, “The God of the Hebrews has met with us. Please let us go three days’ journey into the wilderness, and sacrifice to the LORD, our God, lest he fall on us with pestilence, or with the sword.”
4The king of Egypt said to them, “Why do you, Moses and Aaron, take the people from their work? Get back to your burdens!”
5Pharaoh said, “Behold, the people of the land are now many, and you make them rest from their burdens.”
6The same day Pharaoh commanded the taskmasters of the people and their officers, saying,
7“You shall no longer give the people straw to make brick, as before. Let them go and gather straw for themselves.
8You shall require from them the number of the bricks which they made before. You shall not diminish anything of it, for they are idle. Therefore they cry, saying, ‘Let’s go and sacrifice to our God.’
9Let heavier work be laid on the men, that they may labor in it. Don’t let them pay any attention to lying words.”
- EXO 5:10–21, engwebp
10The taskmasters of the people went out with their officers, and they spoke to the people, saying, “This is what Pharaoh says: ‘I will not give you straw.
11Go yourselves, get straw where you can find it, for nothing of your work shall be diminished.’”
12So the people were scattered abroad throughout all the land of Egypt to gather stubble for straw.
13The taskmasters were urgent saying, “Fulfill your work quota daily, as when there was straw!”
14The officers of the children of Israel, whom Pharaoh’s taskmasters had set over them, were beaten, and were asked, “Why haven’t you fulfilled your quota both yesterday and today, in making brick as before?”
15Then the officers of the children of Israel came and cried to Pharaoh, saying, “Why do you deal this way with your servants?
16No straw is given to your servants, and they tell us, ‘Make brick!’ and behold, your servants are beaten; but the fault is in your own people.”
17But Pharaoh said, “You are idle! You are idle! Therefore you say, ‘Let’s go and sacrifice to the LORD.’
18Go therefore now, and work; for no straw shall be given to you; yet you shall deliver the same number of bricks!”
19The officers of the children of Israel saw that they were in trouble when it was said, “You shall not diminish anything from your daily quota of bricks!”
20They met Moses and Aaron, who stood along the way, as they came out from Pharaoh.
21They said to them, “May the LORD look at you and judge, because you have made us a stench to be abhorred in the eyes of Pharaoh, and in the eyes of his servants, to put a sword in their hand to kill us!”
- EXO 6:9–13, engwebp
9Moses spoke so to the children of Israel, but they didn’t listen to Moses for anguish of spirit, and for cruel bondage.
10The LORD spoke to Moses, saying,
11“Go in, speak to Pharaoh king of Egypt, that he let the children of Israel go out of his land.”
12Moses spoke before the LORD, saying, “Behold, the children of Israel haven’t listened to me. How then shall Pharaoh listen to me, when I have uncircumcised lips?”
13The LORD spoke to Moses and to Aaron, and gave them a command to the children of Israel, and to Pharaoh king of Egypt, to bring the children of Israel out of the land of Egypt.
- EXO 6:26–30, engwebp
26These are that Aaron and Moses to whom the LORD said, “Bring out the children of Israel from the land of Egypt according to their armies.”
27These are those who spoke to Pharaoh king of Egypt, to bring out the children of Israel from Egypt. These are that Moses and Aaron.
28On the day when the LORD spoke to Moses in the land of Egypt,
29The LORD said to Moses, “I am the LORD. Tell Pharaoh king of Egypt all that I tell you.”
30Moses said before the LORD, “Behold, I am of uncircumcised lips, and how shall Pharaoh listen to me?”
- EXO 7:8–13, engwebp
8The LORD spoke to Moses and to Aaron, saying,
9“When Pharaoh speaks to you, saying, ‘Perform a miracle!’ then you shall tell Aaron, ‘Take your rod, and cast it down before Pharaoh, and it will become a serpent.’”
10Moses and Aaron went in to Pharaoh, and they did so, as the LORD had commanded. Aaron cast down his rod before Pharaoh and before his servants, and it became a serpent.
11Then Pharaoh also called for the wise men and the sorcerers. They also, the magicians of Egypt, did the same thing with their enchantments.
12For they each cast down their rods, and they became serpents; but Aaron’s rod swallowed up their rods.
13Pharaoh’s heart was hardened, and he didn’t listen to them, as the LORD had spoken.
- EXO 7:14–25, engwebp
14The LORD said to Moses, “Pharaoh’s heart is stubborn. He refuses to let the people go.
15Go to Pharaoh in the morning. Behold, he is going out to the water. You shall stand by the river’s bank to meet him. You shall take the rod which was turned to a serpent in your hand.
16You shall tell him, ‘The LORD, the God of the Hebrews, has sent me to you, saying, “Let my people go, that they may serve me in the wilderness. Behold, until now you haven’t listened.”
17The LORD says, “In this you shall know that I am the LORD. Behold: I will strike with the rod that is in my hand on the waters which are in the river, and they shall be turned to blood.
18The fish that are in the river will die and the river will become foul. The Egyptians will loathe to drink water from the river.”’”
19The LORD said to Moses, “Tell Aaron, ‘Take your rod, and stretch out your hand over the waters of Egypt, over their rivers, over their streams, and over their pools, and over all their ponds of water, that they may become blood. There will be blood throughout all the land of Egypt, both in vessels of wood and in vessels of stone.’”
20Moses and Aaron did so, as the LORD commanded; and he lifted up the rod, and struck the waters that were in the river, in the sight of Pharaoh, and in the sight of his servants; and all the waters that were in the river were turned to blood.
21The fish that were in the river died. The river became foul. The Egyptians couldn’t drink water from the river. The blood was throughout all the land of Egypt.
22The magicians of Egypt did the same thing with their enchantments. So Pharaoh’s heart was hardened, and he didn’t listen to them, as the LORD had spoken.
23Pharaoh turned and went into his house, and he didn’t even take this to heart.
24All the Egyptians dug around the river for water to drink; for they couldn’t drink the river water.
25Seven days were fulfilled, after the LORD had struck the river.
- EXO 8:1–7, engwebp
1The LORD spoke to Moses, “Go in to Pharaoh, and tell him, ‘This is what the LORD says, “Let my people go, that they may serve me.
2If you refuse to let them go, behold, I will plague all your borders with frogs.
3The river will swarm with frogs, which will go up and come into your house, and into your bedroom, and on your bed, and into the house of your servants, and on your people, and into your ovens, and into your kneading troughs.
4The frogs shall come up both on you, and on your people, and on all your servants.”’”
5The LORD said to Moses, “Tell Aaron, ‘Stretch out your hand with your rod over the rivers, over the streams, and over the pools, and cause frogs to come up on the land of Egypt.’”
6Aaron stretched out his hand over the waters of Egypt; and the frogs came up, and covered the land of Egypt.
7The magicians did the same thing with their enchantments, and brought up frogs on the land of Egypt.
- EXO 8:8–15, engwebp
8Then Pharaoh called for Moses and Aaron, and said, “Entreat the LORD, that he take away the frogs from me and from my people; and I will let the people go, that they may sacrifice to the LORD.”
9Moses said to Pharaoh, “I give you the honor of setting the time that I should pray for you, and for your servants, and for your people, that the frogs be destroyed from you and your houses, and remain in the river only.”
10Pharaoh said, “Tomorrow.” Moses said, “Let it be according to your word, that you may know that there is no one like the LORD our God.
11The frogs shall depart from you, and from your houses, and from your servants, and from your people. They shall remain in the river only.”
12Moses and Aaron went out from Pharaoh, and Moses cried to the LORD concerning the frogs which he had brought on Pharaoh.
13The LORD did according to the word of Moses, and the frogs died out of the houses, out of the courts, and out of the fields.
14They gathered them together in heaps, and the land stank.
15But when Pharaoh saw that there was a respite, he hardened his heart, and didn’t listen to them, as the LORD had spoken.
- EXO 8:16–19, engwebp
16The LORD said to Moses, “Tell Aaron, ‘Stretch out your rod, and strike the dust of the earth, that it may become lice throughout all the land of Egypt.’”
17They did so; and Aaron stretched out his hand with his rod, and struck the dust of the earth, and there were lice on man, and on animal; all the dust of the earth became lice throughout all the land of Egypt.
18The magicians tried with their enchantments to produce lice, but they couldn’t. There were lice on man, and on animal.
19Then the magicians said to Pharaoh, “This is God’s finger;” but Pharaoh’s heart was hardened, and he didn’t listen to them, as the LORD had spoken.
- EXO 8:20–24, engwebp
20The LORD said to Moses, “Rise up early in the morning, and stand before Pharaoh; behold, he comes out to the water; and tell him, ‘This is what the LORD says, “Let my people go, that they may serve me.
21Else, if you will not let my people go, behold, I will send swarms of flies on you, and on your servants, and on your people, and into your houses. The houses of the Egyptians shall be full of swarms of flies, and also the ground they are on.
22I will set apart in that day the land of Goshen, in which my people dwell, that no swarms of flies shall be there, to the end you may know that I am the LORD on the earth.
23I will put a division between my people and your people. This sign shall happen by tomorrow.”’”
24The LORD did so; and there came grievous swarms of flies into the house of Pharaoh, and into his servants’ houses. In all the land of Egypt the land was corrupted by reason of the swarms of flies.
- EXO 8:25–32, engwebp
25Pharaoh called for Moses and for Aaron, and said, “Go, sacrifice to your God in the land!”
26Moses said, “It isn’t appropriate to do so; for we shall sacrifice the abomination of the Egyptians to the LORD our God. Behold, if we sacrifice the abomination of the Egyptians before their eyes, won’t they stone us?
27We will go three days’ journey into the wilderness, and sacrifice to the LORD our God, as he shall command us.”
28Pharaoh said, “I will let you go, that you may sacrifice to the LORD your God in the wilderness, only you shall not go very far away. Pray for me.”
29Moses said, “Behold, I am going out from you. I will pray to the LORD that the swarms of flies may depart from Pharaoh, from his servants, and from his people, tomorrow; only don’t let Pharaoh deal deceitfully any more in not letting the people go to sacrifice to the LORD.”
30Moses went out from Pharaoh, and prayed to the LORD.
31The LORD did according to the word of Moses, and he removed the swarms of flies from Pharaoh, from his servants, and from his people. There remained not one.
32Pharaoh hardened his heart this time also, and he didn’t let the people go.
- EXO 9:1–7, engwebp
1Then the LORD said to Moses, “Go in to Pharaoh, and tell him, ‘This is what the LORD, the God of the Hebrews, says: “Let my people go, that they may serve me.
2For if you refuse to let them go, and hold them still,
3behold, the LORD’s hand is on your livestock which are in the field, on the horses, on the donkeys, on the camels, on the herds, and on the flocks with a very grievous pestilence.
4The LORD will make a distinction between the livestock of Israel and the livestock of Egypt; and nothing shall die of all that belongs to the children of Israel.”’”
5The LORD appointed a set time, saying, “Tomorrow the LORD shall do this thing in the land.”
6The LORD did that thing on the next day; and all the livestock of Egypt died, but of the livestock of the children of Israel, not one died.
7Pharaoh sent, and, behold, there was not so much as one of the livestock of the Israelites dead. But the heart of Pharaoh was stubborn, and he didn’t let the people go.
- EXO 9:8–12, engwebp
8The LORD said to Moses and to Aaron, “Take handfuls of ashes of the furnace, and let Moses sprinkle it toward the sky in the sight of Pharaoh.
9It shall become small dust over all the land of Egypt, and shall be boils and blisters breaking out on man and on animal, throughout all the land of Egypt.”
10They took ashes of the furnace, and stood before Pharaoh; and Moses sprinkled it up toward the sky; and it became boils and blisters breaking out on man and on animal.
11The magicians couldn’t stand before Moses because of the boils; for the boils were on the magicians and on all the Egyptians.
12The LORD hardened the heart of Pharaoh, and he didn’t listen to them, as the LORD had spoken to Moses.
- EXO 9:13–21, engwebp
13The LORD said to Moses, “Rise up early in the morning, and stand before Pharaoh, and tell him, ‘This is what the LORD, the God of the Hebrews, says: “Let my people go, that they may serve me.
14For this time I will send all my plagues against your heart, against your officials, and against your people; that you may know that there is no one like me in all the earth.
15For now I would have stretched out my hand, and struck you and your people with pestilence, and you would have been cut off from the earth;
16but indeed for this cause I have made you stand: to show you my power, and that my name may be declared throughout all the earth,
17because you still exalt yourself against my people, that you won’t let them go.
18Behold, tomorrow about this time I will cause it to rain a very grievous hail, such as has not been in Egypt since the day it was founded even until now.
19Now therefore command that all of your livestock and all that you have in the field be brought into shelter. The hail will come down on every man and animal that is found in the field, and isn’t brought home, and they will die.”’”
20Those who feared the LORD’s word among the servants of Pharaoh made their servants and their livestock flee into the houses.
21Whoever didn’t respect the LORD’s word left his servants and his livestock in the field.
- EXO 9:27–35, engwebp
27Pharaoh sent and called for Moses and Aaron, and said to them, “I have sinned this time. The LORD is righteous, and I and my people are wicked.
28Pray to the LORD; for there has been enough of mighty thunderings and hail. I will let you go, and you shall stay no longer.”
29Moses said to him, “As soon as I have gone out of the city, I will spread out my hands to the LORD. The thunders shall cease, and there will not be any more hail; that you may know that the earth is the LORD’s.
30But as for you and your servants, I know that you don’t yet fear the LORD God.”
31The flax and the barley were struck, for the barley had ripened and the flax was blooming.
32But the wheat and the spelt were not struck, for they had not grown up.
33Moses went out of the city from Pharaoh, and spread out his hands to the LORD; and the thunders and hail ceased, and the rain was not poured on the earth.
34When Pharaoh saw that the rain and the hail and the thunders had ceased, he sinned yet more, and hardened his heart, he and his servants.
35The heart of Pharaoh was hardened, and he didn’t let the children of Israel go, just as the LORD had spoken through Moses.
- EXO 10:1–11, engwebp
1The LORD said to Moses, “Go in to Pharaoh, for I have hardened his heart and the heart of his servants, that I may show these my signs among them;
2and that you may tell in the hearing of your son, and of your son’s son, what things I have done to Egypt, and my signs which I have done among them; that you may know that I am the LORD.”
3Moses and Aaron went in to Pharaoh, and said to him, “This is what the LORD, the God of the Hebrews, says: ‘How long will you refuse to humble yourself before me? Let my people go, that they may serve me.
4Or else, if you refuse to let my people go, behold, tomorrow I will bring locusts into your country,
5and they shall cover the surface of the earth, so that one won’t be able to see the earth. They shall eat the residue of that which has escaped, which remains to you from the hail, and shall eat every tree which grows for you out of the field.
6Your houses shall be filled, and the houses of all your servants, and the houses of all the Egyptians, as neither your fathers nor your fathers’ fathers have seen, since the day that they were on the earth to this day.’” He turned, and went out from Pharaoh.
7Pharaoh’s servants said to him, “How long will this man be a snare to us? Let the men go, that they may serve the LORD, their God. Don’t you yet know that Egypt is destroyed?”
8Moses and Aaron were brought again to Pharaoh, and he said to them, “Go, serve the LORD your God; but who are those who will go?”
9Moses said, “We will go with our young and with our old. We will go with our sons and with our daughters, with our flocks and with our herds; for we must hold a feast to the LORD.”
10He said to them, “The LORD be with you if I let you go with your little ones! See, evil is clearly before your faces.
11Not so! Go now you who are men, and serve the LORD; for that is what you desire!” Then they were driven out from Pharaoh’s presence.
- EXO 10:16–20, engwebp
16Then Pharaoh called for Moses and Aaron in haste, and he said, “I have sinned against the LORD your God, and against you.
17Now therefore please forgive my sin again, and pray to the LORD your God, that he may also take away from me this death.”
18Moses went out from Pharaoh, and prayed to the LORD.
19The LORD sent an exceedingly strong west wind, which took up the locusts, and drove them into the Red Sea. There remained not one locust in all the borders of Egypt.
20But the LORD hardened Pharaoh’s heart, and he didn’t let the children of Israel go.
- EXO 10:24–29, engwebp
24Pharaoh called to Moses, and said, “Go, serve the LORD. Only let your flocks and your herds stay behind. Let your little ones also go with you.”
25Moses said, “You must also give into our hand sacrifices and burnt offerings, that we may sacrifice to the LORD our God.
26Our livestock also shall go with us. Not a hoof shall be left behind, for of it we must take to serve the LORD our God; and we don’t know with what we must serve the LORD, until we come there.”
27But the LORD hardened Pharaoh’s heart, and he wouldn’t let them go.
28Pharaoh said to him, “Get away from me! Be careful to see my face no more; for in the day you see my face you shall die!”
29Moses said, “You have spoken well. I will see your face again no more.”
- EXO 11:1–8, engwebp
1The LORD said to Moses, “I will bring yet one more plague on Pharaoh, and on Egypt; afterwards he will let you go. When he lets you go, he will surely thrust you out altogether.
2Speak now in the ears of the people, and let every man ask of his neighbor, and every woman of her neighbor, jewels of silver, and jewels of gold.”
3The LORD gave the people favor in the sight of the Egyptians. Moreover, the man Moses was very great in the land of Egypt, in the sight of Pharaoh’s servants, and in the sight of the people.
4Moses said, “This is what the LORD says: ‘About midnight I will go out into the middle of Egypt,
5and all the firstborn in the land of Egypt shall die, from the firstborn of Pharaoh who sits on his throne, even to the firstborn of the female servant who is behind the mill, and all the firstborn of livestock.
6There will be a great cry throughout all the land of Egypt, such as there has not been, nor will be any more.
7But against any of the children of Israel a dog won’t even bark or move its tongue, against man or animal, that you may know that the LORD makes a distinction between the Egyptians and Israel.
8All these servants of yours will come down to me, and bow down themselves to me, saying, “Get out, with all the people who follow you;” and after that I will go out.’” He went out from Pharaoh in hot anger.
- EXO 11:9–10, engwebp
9The LORD said to Moses, “Pharaoh won’t listen to you, that my wonders may be multiplied in the land of Egypt.”
10Moses and Aaron did all these wonders before Pharaoh, but the LORD hardened Pharaoh’s heart, and he didn’t let the children of Israel go out of his land.
- EXO 12:29–30, engwebp
29At midnight, the LORD struck all the firstborn in the land of Egypt, from the firstborn of Pharaoh who sat on his throne to the firstborn of the captive who was in the dungeon, and all the firstborn of livestock.
30Pharaoh rose up in the night, he, and all his servants, and all the Egyptians; and there was a great cry in Egypt, for there was not a house where there was not one dead.
- EXO 14:1–9, engwebp
1The LORD spoke to Moses, saying,
2“Speak to the children of Israel, that they turn back and encamp before Pihahiroth, between Migdol and the sea, before Baal Zephon. You shall encamp opposite it by the sea.
3Pharaoh will say of the children of Israel, ‘They are entangled in the land. The wilderness has shut them in.’
4I will harden Pharaoh’s heart, and he will follow after them; and I will get honor over Pharaoh, and over all his armies; and the Egyptians shall know that I am the LORD.” They did so.
5The king of Egypt was told that the people had fled; and the heart of Pharaoh and of his servants was changed toward the people, and they said, “What is this we have done, that we have let Israel go from serving us?”
6He prepared his chariot, and took his army with him;
7and he took six hundred chosen chariots, and all the chariots of Egypt, with captains over all of them.
8The LORD hardened the heart of Pharaoh king of Egypt, and he pursued the children of Israel; for the children of Israel went out with a high hand.
9The Egyptians pursued them. All the horses and chariots of Pharaoh, his horsemen, and his army overtook them encamping by the sea, beside Pihahiroth, before Baal Zephon.
- EXO 15:1–19, engwebp
1Then Moses and the children of Israel sang this song to the LORD, and said, “I will sing to the LORD, for he has triumphed gloriously. He has thrown the horse and his rider into the sea.
2The LORD is my strength and song. He has become my salvation. This is my God, and I will praise him; my father’s God, and I will exalt him.
3The LORD is a man of war. The LORD is his name.
4He has cast Pharaoh’s chariots and his army into the sea. His chosen captains are sunk in the Red Sea.
5The deeps cover them. They went down into the depths like a stone.
6Your right hand, LORD, is glorious in power. Your right hand, LORD, dashes the enemy in pieces.
7In the greatness of your excellency, you overthrow those who rise up against you. You send out your wrath. It consumes them as stubble.
8With the blast of your nostrils, the waters were piled up. The floods stood upright as a heap. The deeps were congealed in the heart of the sea.
9The enemy said, ‘I will pursue. I will overtake. I will divide the plunder. My desire will be satisfied on them. I will draw my sword. My hand will destroy them.’
10You blew with your wind. The sea covered them. They sank like lead in the mighty waters.
11Who is like you, LORD, among the gods? Who is like you, glorious in holiness, fearful in praises, doing wonders?
12You stretched out your right hand. The earth swallowed them.
13“You, in your loving kindness, have led the people that you have redeemed. You have guided them in your strength to your holy habitation.
14The peoples have heard. They tremble. Pangs have taken hold of the inhabitants of Philistia.
15Then the chiefs of Edom were dismayed. Trembling takes hold of the mighty men of Moab. All the inhabitants of Canaan have melted away.
16Terror and dread falls on them. By the greatness of your arm they are as still as a stone, until your people pass over, LORD, until the people you have purchased pass over.
17You will bring them in, and plant them in the mountain of your inheritance, the place, LORD, which you have made for yourself to dwell in: the sanctuary, Lord, which your hands have established.
18The LORD will reign forever and ever.”
19For the horses of Pharaoh went in with his chariots and with his horsemen into the sea, and the LORD brought back the waters of the sea on them; but the children of Israel walked on dry land in the middle of the sea.
- PSA 135:1–21, engwebp
1Praise the LORD! Praise the LORD’s name! Praise him, you servants of the LORD,
2you who stand in the LORD’s house, in the courts of our God’s house.
3Praise the LORD, for the LORD is good. Sing praises to his name, for that is pleasant.
4For the LORD has chosen Jacob for himself, Israel for his own possession.
5For I know that the LORD is great, that our Lord is above all gods.
6Whatever the LORD pleased, that he has done, in heaven and in earth, in the seas and in all deeps.
7He causes the clouds to rise from the ends of the earth. He makes lightnings with the rain. He brings the wind out of his treasuries.
8He struck the firstborn of Egypt, both of man and animal.
9He sent signs and wonders into the middle of you, Egypt, on Pharaoh, and on all his servants.
10He struck many nations, and killed mighty kings—
11Sihon king of the Amorites, Og king of Bashan, and all the kingdoms of Canaan—
12and gave their land for a heritage, a heritage to Israel, his people.
13Your name, LORD, endures forever; your renown, LORD, throughout all generations.
14For the LORD will judge his people and have compassion on his servants.
15The idols of the nations are silver and gold, the work of men’s hands.
16They have mouths, but they can’t speak. They have eyes, but they can’t see.
17They have ears, but they can’t hear, neither is there any breath in their mouths.
18Those who make them will be like them, yes, everyone who trusts in them.
19House of Israel, praise the LORD! House of Aaron, praise the LORD!
20House of Levi, praise the LORD! You who fear the LORD, praise the LORD!
21Blessed be the LORD from Zion, who dwells in Jerusalem. Praise the LORD!
- PSA 136:1–26, engwebp
1Give thanks to the LORD, for he is good, for his loving kindness endures forever.
2Give thanks to the God of gods, for his loving kindness endures forever.
3Give thanks to the Lord of lords, for his loving kindness endures forever;
4to him who alone does great wonders, for his loving kindness endures forever;
5to him who by understanding made the heavens, for his loving kindness endures forever;
6to him who spread out the earth above the waters, for his loving kindness endures forever;
7to him who made the great lights, for his loving kindness endures forever;
8the sun to rule by day, for his loving kindness endures forever;
9the moon and stars to rule by night, for his loving kindness endures forever;
10to him who struck down the Egyptian firstborn, for his loving kindness endures forever;
11and brought out Israel from among them, for his loving kindness endures forever;
12with a strong hand, and with an outstretched arm, for his loving kindness endures forever;
13to him who divided the Red Sea apart, for his loving kindness endures forever;
14and made Israel to pass through the middle of it, for his loving kindness endures forever;
15but overthrew Pharaoh and his army in the Red Sea, for his loving kindness endures forever;
16to him who led his people through the wilderness, for his loving kindness endures forever;
17to him who struck great kings, for his loving kindness endures forever;
18and killed mighty kings, for his loving kindness endures forever;
19Sihon king of the Amorites, for his loving kindness endures forever;
20Og king of Bashan, for his loving kindness endures forever;
21and gave their land as an inheritance, for his loving kindness endures forever;
22even a heritage to Israel his servant, for his loving kindness endures forever;
23who remembered us in our low estate, for his loving kindness endures forever;
24and has delivered us from our adversaries, for his loving kindness endures forever;
25who gives food to every creature, for his loving kindness endures forever.
26Oh give thanks to the God of heaven, for his loving kindness endures forever.
- ROM 9:14–18, engwebp
14What shall we say then? Is there unrighteousness with God? May it never be!
15For he said to Moses, “I will have mercy on whom I have mercy, and I will have compassion on whom I have compassion.”
16So then it is not of him who wills, nor of him who runs, but of God who has mercy.
17For the Scripture says to Pharaoh, “For this very purpose I caused you to be raised up, that I might show in you my power, and that my name might be proclaimed in all the earth.”
18So then, he has mercy on whom he desires, and he hardens whom he desires.
AI-assisted, human review pending, 2026-09-20
Machine comparison on 2026-10-07: the wording raised none of the 3 rules against the passages this entry cites. No person has read it.
All 23 relationships: AI-assisted, human review pending
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Appears in the narrated event (23) — The word about the firstborn, to be told to Pharaoh, Pharaoh intensifies the labor, Bricks without straw, and the officers beaten, The people do not listen, and the command to speak to Pharaoh, That Moses and Aaron who spoke to Pharaoh, The rod becomes a serpent before Pharaoh, Plague of water turned to blood, Plague of frogs, The plea to take the frogs away, and the heart hardened, Plague of lice, Plague of swarms of flies, The offer to sacrifice in the land, and the flies removed, Plague on livestock, Plague of boils, The warning before the hail, and how the servants answered, Pharaoh confesses, and the hail stops, The warning of locusts, and the dispute over who would go, Pharaoh’s confession, and the locusts removed, The offer to leave the livestock, and the word not to see his face again, Warning of the death of the firstborn, Pharaoh does not listen and the wonders are multiplied, Death of the firstborn in Egypt, Encampment by the sea and Pharaoh’s pursuit
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Verses tagged with this entry
Names in the World English Bible text that carry this entry’s tag. They are carried over from the tags on the Korean Revised Version, which are matched by name inside chapters that already have collected evidence, and a verse where the English says “he” carries none. All await human review. They are a separate list from the source passages above. An empty list does not mean the entry is absent from the text.
With 101 verses the text is not repeated here: each chapter lists its verse numbers, and each number opens its verse.
- Exodus 4 21, 22
- Exodus 5 1, 2, 6, 10, 14, 15, 17, 20, 21, 23
- Exodus 6 1, 11, 12, 13, 27, 29, 30
- Exodus 7 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 20, 22, 23
- Exodus 8 1, 8, 9, 12, 15, 19, 20, 24, 25, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32
- Exodus 9 1, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13, 20, 27, 33, 34, 35
- Exodus 10 1, 3, 6, 7, 8, 11, 16, 18, 20, 24, 27
- Exodus 11 1, 3, 5, 8, 9, 10
- Exodus 12 29, 30
- Exodus 14 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 17, 18, 23, 28
- Exodus 15 4, 19
- Deuteronomy 6 21, 22
- Deuteronomy 7 8, 18
- Deuteronomy 11 3
- Deuteronomy 29 2
- Deuteronomy 34 11
- 1 Samuel 6 6
- 2 Kings 17 7
- Psalms 135 9
- Psalms 136 15
- Romans 9 17
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[Bibliadatum entry report] Entry: Pharaoh (Exodus confrontation narrative) (person-pharaoh-exodus) Address: https://bibliadatum.org/en/wiki/person/pharaoh-exodus Current wording: Role-based record of the Egyptian king confronted by Moses and Aaron from Exodus 5. Personal name, dynasty and identity with the king at Moses’ birth are not asserted. Cited evidence: 1SA 6:1–9, engwebp / 2KI 17:7–12, engwebp / DEU 6:20–25, engwebp / DEU 7:6–11, engwebp / DEU 7:17–26, engwebp / DEU 11:1–7, engwebp / DEU 29:2–9, engwebp / DEU 34:10–12, engwebp (and 27 more of 35) Review state: ai-assisted / human-review-pending What looks wrong: (not written yet) --- This collection records what the text says and does not settle interpretation. A report about a reading that divides opinion may be registered as an unresolved issue rather than corrected.